的 总 和 矿物 industries have historically used the simplest 和 cheapest dewatering technology to manage waste slurry tailings.
这些老方法包括直接将垃圾倾倒到数据流中, rivers 和 lakes or using mining surfaces or underground quarries/pits for disposal.
For a number of decades these industries have been pressured to eliminate older ways of waste dumping 和 look for more efficient waste management technologies.
Initial improvement in 尾矿管理 technology involved creating ponds or large impoundment dams to hold the waste slurry for the life of the quarry or mine.
减少/消除沉降池
在过去的10年或更长的时间里，改善的压力 尾矿管理 由于一些因素，这些做法进一步增加，包括:
- 更严格的环境法规
- 运营成本上升
- 更高的废物处理成本
- 增加节水要求
- 灾难性的蓄水失败
- 需要更好地降低风险
- 操作扩展的物理空间限制
Leaders in the 总 和 矿物 industries have started evaluating 和 investing in more efficient, 具有成本效益的尾矿脱水系统. 该系统包括:超细分离, 浆体浓缩和浆体脱水设备技术.
的 在这里 和 增稠剂 设备技术分离和浓缩废物, while the dewatering equipment recovers additional water from the waste stream 和 creates nearly dry solids.
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脱水设备的种类
板式压滤机, belt filter presses 和 centrifuges are competing dewatering equipment used in the 总 和 矿物 industries today.
离心机
Centrifuge dewatering is a high-speed process that uses the force from the rapid rotation of a cylindrical bowl to separate wastewater solids from liquid.
这些脱水装置对容易脱水的材料效果最好, 粒度分布较大和/或粘土含量较低, though they generally are not going to be as efficient as a filter press since they cannot generate the high pressure dewatering forces of the latter.
离心机 operate as continuous feed units that remove solids by a scroll conveyor 和 discharge liquid over the weir. 碗呈锥形，有助于将固体从液体中提出来, 在排出之前，让它们在倾斜的表面上干燥.
离心机设备前期投资成本高，运行成本高. It is built to tight mechanical design specification to operate efficiently at very high rotational speeds.
由于电力需求高，运营成本高, 昂贵的更换部件和需要使用脱水化学品.
此外，离心机操作需要熟练、有经验的操作人员. 离心机以噪音大而闻名, 高速振动和经常磨损的问题.
因为离心机比压滤机小, the footprint could be less than that of a large plate press depending on how many units are required.
带式压滤机
带式压滤机 are another type of equipment used to remove water from waste slurries to produce a non-liquid material referred to as a “cake”.
In a belt filter press, the waste slurry is forced between two tensioned porous belts. 当皮带经过不同直径的滚筒时, the liquid is squeezed out of slurry while the solid cake material is retained between the belts. Increased pressure is created as the belt passes over rollers that decrease in diameter.
带式过滤工艺有多种设计, 但它们都包含以下基本特征:
- 聚合物调理区
- 重力排水带
- 低压挤压区
- 高压挤压区.
先进的设计提供了大的过滤面积, 额外的辊, 可变带速可以增加5%的饼固体.
的 general mechanical components of a belt filter press include dewatering belts, 滚子和轴承, 皮带跟踪和张紧系统, 控制和驱动器, 还有一个皮带洗涤系统.
带式压滤机具有低到中等的初始资本成本, 具有更小的安装空间.
Operating costs tend to be high due the need for a full-time operator 和 the use of chemical dewatering aids.
Maintenance costs are also expensive due to belt 和 roller wear as well as failure from continuous movement of the tensioned belts between the rollers. Belts 和 roller bearings require frequent replacement, creating lower overall availability.
Belt presses have a reputation of requiring frequent belt washing 和 are very sensitive to process variations.
凹板式压滤机
凹板式压滤机 are used create a dewatered cake material by separating the liquid 和 solid materials in waste slurries. 
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这些压滤机属于 最古老的脱水装置 和 are commonly used in 总 和 矿物 processing waste slurry applications.
Typical recessed plate filter presses are composed of a heavy-duty support framework holding a series of polypropylene plates with concave surfaces on each side of the plate. 每个板衬有合成滤布. 这些板用液压紧紧地夹在一起, 在板材表面之间形成空隙.
A high-pressure slurry feed pump is used to force slurry material into the void spaces between the plates. 浆液固体在板间被捕获, while the liquid passes through the filter cloths mounted on the plate surfaces.
当没有额外的浆料可以泵入压滤机时, 浆料进料泵停止，板材分离, 让蛋糕在重力作用下从压机中掉出来.
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的 up-front investment for a plate filter press can be high due the size of the equipment 和 required support structure.
取决于被脱水物料的种类和数量, modern filter press equipment can be very big 和 require a large space for installation 和 operation. 今天常见的聚丙烯板尺寸可以达到8英尺宽8英尺高, 配有大型压滤机，可容纳200个板.
Plate filter press operating costs are low due to the requirement of only a part-time operator, 较低的易损件成本，通常不需要化学脱水助剂.
因为浆料被完全捕获在滤板之间, very high dewatering pressures (up to 225 psi or higher) can be applied to the slurry. 的 high dewatering pressures produce the highest cake solids concentration possible of any mechanical dewatering equipment.
膜板
板式压滤机 can also employ a second type of plate called a membrane plate. 在这种情况下, the plate has a flexible membrane surface made from polypropylene or other synthetic flexible material such as hard rubber.
膜板.
所述膜可与所述凹板芯热熔合, or the synthetic membrane’s edge can be embedded into the concave plate core in a small channel machined in the plate surfaces.
在膜板压机上使用相同的初始过程, with a high-pressure slurry pump feeding the press to fill 和 dewater as much slurry as possible.
After the slurry feed pump is stopped 和 while the filter plates are still clamped together, 膜表面用压缩空气或水膨胀. 这个膨胀的膜压缩了蛋糕材料, 将额外的水分清除到尽可能低的水平.
板式压滤机优点
No other dewatering process has shown to be more efficient at removing liquid from slurries as the plate filter press. 板式压滤机的其他优点包括:
- 最高回收水量
- 干燥的蛋糕
- 最低运营成本
- 降低废物处理成本，减少用水量
- 生成最稳定的固体物质
由于这些优点和板式压滤机的高效率, 消除沉降池是设备的最佳选择.
